"One is not merely an artist and one is not
judged merely as an artist: the black people crowding around Lorraine, whether
or not they considered her an artist, assuredly considered her a witness." --James Baldwin, from "Sweet Lorraine"
The
writer whose approach to life and art has inspired me more than any other is
that of Lorraine Hansberry, the black lesbian playwright, journalist, artist, and
freedom fighter who died from cancer at the age of 34. I have posted below the essay, "Sweet Lorraine," her friend James Baldwin's moving tribute to her power, conviction, and artistry.
Young, gifted, and black/
Smashing idols and pretense/
Warrior artist.
Smashing idols and pretense/
Warrior artist.
Lorraine Hansberry, born May 19, 1930, d. 1965.
“Sweet Lorraine”
That's the way I always felt about her, and so I won't
apologize for calling her that now. She understood it: in that far too brief a
time when we walked and talked and laughed and drank together, sometimes in the
streets and bars and restaurants of the Village, sometimes at her house,
gracelessly fleeing the houses of others; and sometimes seeming, for anyone who
didn't know us, to be having a knock-down-drag-out battle. We spent a lot of
time arguing about history and tremendously related subjects in her Bleecker
Street and, later, Waverly Place flats. And often, just when I was certain that
she was about to throw me out as being altogether too rowdy a type, she would
stand up, her hands on her hips (for these down-home sessions she always wore
slacks), and pick up my empty glass as though she intended to throw it at me.
Then she would walk into the kitchen, saying, with a haughty toss of her head,
"Really, Jimmy. You ain't right, child!" With which stern put-down
she would hand me another drink and launch into a brilliant analysis of just
why I wasn't "right." I would often stagger down her stairs as the
sun came up, usually in the middle of a paragraph and always in the middle of a
laugh. That marvelous laugh. That marvelous face. I loved her, she was my
sister and my comrade. Her going did not so much make me lonely as make me
realize how lonely we were. We had that respect for each other which perhaps is
only felt by people on the same side of the barricades, listening to the
accumulating thunder of the hooves of horses and the heads of tanks.
The first time I ever saw Lorraine was at the Actors'
Studio, in the winter of '58-'59. She was there as an observer of the Workshop
Production of Giovanni's Room. She
sat way up in the bleachers, taking on some of the biggest names in the
American theater because she had liked the play and they, in the main, hadn't.
I was enormously grateful to her, she seemed to speak for me; and afterward she
talked to me with a gentleness and generosity never to be forgotten. A small,
shy, determined person, with that strength dictated by absolutely impersonal
ambition: she was not trying to "make it" - she was trying to keep
the faith.
We really met, however, in Philadelphia, in 1959, when A Raisin in the Sun was at the beginning
of its amazing career. Much has been written about this play; I personally feel
that it will demand a far less guilty and constricted people than the
present-day Americans to be able to assess it at all; as an historical
achievement, anyway, no one can gainsay its importance. What is relevant here
is that I had never in my life seen so many black people in the theater. And
the reason was that never in the history of the American theater had so much of
the truth of black people's lives been seen on the stage. Black people ignored
the theater because the theater had always ignored them.
But, in Raisin,
black people recognized that house and all the people in it - the mother, the
son, the daughter, and the daughter-in-law - and supplied the play with an
interpretative element which could not be present in the minds of white people:
a kind of claustrophobic terror, created not only by their knowledge of the
streets. And when the curtain came down, Lorraine and I found ourselves in the
backstage alley, where she was immediately mobbed. I produced a pen and
Lorraine handed me her handbag and began signing autographs. "It only
happens once," she said. I stood there and watched. I watched the people,
who loved Lorraine for what she had brought to them; and watched Lorraine, who
loved the people for what they brought to her. It was not, for her, a matter of
being admired. She was being corroborated and confirmed. She was wise enough
and honest enough to recognize that black American artists are in a very
special case. One is not merely an artist and one is not judged merely as an
artist: the black people crowding around Lorraine, whether or not they
considered her an artist, assuredly considered her a witness. This country's
concept of art and artists has the effect, scarcely worth mentioning by now, of
isolating the artist from the people. One can see the effect of this in the
irrelevance of so much of the work produced by celebrated white artists; but
the effect of this isolation on a black artist is absolutely fatal. He is,
already, as a black American citizen, isolated from most of his white
countrymen. At the crucial hour, he can hardly look to his artistic peers for
help, for they do not know enough about him to be able to correct him. To
continue to grow, to remain in touch with himself, he needs the support of that
community from which, however, all of the pressures of American life
incessantly conspire to remove him. And when he is effectively removed, he falls
silent - and the people have lost another hope.
Much of the strain under which Lorraine worked was
produced by her knowledge of this reality, and her determined refusal to be
destroyed by it. She was a very young woman, with an overpowering vision, and
fame had come to her early - she must certainly have wished, often enough, that
fame had seen fit to drag its feet a little. For fame and recognition are not
synonyms, especially not here, and her fame was to cause her to be criticized
very harshly, very loudly, and very often by both black and white people who
were unable to believe, apparently, that a really serious intention could be
contained in so glamorous a frame. She took it all with a kind of astringent
good humor, refusing, for example, even to consider defending herself when she
was being accused of being a "slum lord" because of her family's
real-estate holdings in Chicago. I called her during that time, and all she
said - with a wry laugh - was, "My God, Jimmy, do you realize you're only
the second person who's called me today? And you know how my phone kept ringing
before!" She was not surprised. She was devoted to the human race, but she
was not romantic about it.
When so bright a light goes out so early, when so gifted
an artist goes so soon, we are left with a sorrow and wonder which speculation
cannot assuage. One's filled for a long time with a sense of injustice as
futile as it is powerful. And the vanished person fills the mind, in this or
that attitude, doing this or that. Sometimes, very briefly, one hears the exact
inflection of the voice, the exact timbre of the laugh - as I have, when
watching the dramatic presentation, To Be
Young, Gifted and Black, and in reading through these pages. But I do not
have the heart to presume to assess her work, for all of it, for me, was
suffused with the light which was Lorraine. It is possible, for example, that The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window
attempts to say too much; but it is also exceedingly probable that it makes so
loud and uncomfortable a sound because of the surrounding silence; not many
plays, presently, risk being accused of attempting to say too much! Again, Brustein is certainly a very willed
play, unabashed didactic: but it cannot, finally, be dismissed or categorized
in this way because of the astonishing life of its people. It positively courts
being dismissed as old-fashioned and banal and yet has the unmistakable power
of turning the viewer's judgment in on himself. Is all this true or not true?
the play rudely demands; and, unforgivably, leaves us squirming before this
question. One cannot quite answer the question negatively, one risks being
caught in a lie. But an affirmative answer imposes a new level of
responsibility, both of one's conduct and for the fortunes of the American
state, and one risks, therefore, the disagreeable necessity of becoming
"an insurgent again." For Lorraine made no bones about asserting that
art has a purpose, and that its purpose was action: that it contained the
"energy which could change things.
"It would be good,
selfishly, to have her around now, that small, dark girl, with her wit, her
wonder, and her eloquent compassion. I've only met one person Lorraine couldn't
get through to, and that was the late Bobby Kennedy. And, as the years have passed
since that stormy meeting - Lorraine talks about it in these pages, so I won't
go into it here - I've very often pondered what she then tried to convey - that
a holocaust is no respecter of persons; that what, today, seems merely
humiliation and injustice for a few, can, unchecked, become Terror for the
many, snuffing out white lives just as though they were black lives; that if
the American state could not protect the lives of black citizens, then,
presently, the entire state would find itself engulfed. And the horses and
tanks are indeed upon us, and the end is not in sight. Perhaps it is just as
well, after all, that she did not live to see with the outward eye what she saw
so clearly with the inward one. And it is not a tall farfetched to suspect that
what she saw contributed to the strain which killed her, for the effort to
which Lorraine was dedicated is more than enough to kill a man.
I saw Lorraine in her
hospital bed, as she was dying. She tried to speak, she couldn't. She did not
seem frightened or sad, only exasperated that her body no longer obeyed her;
she smiled and waved. But I prefer to remember her as she was the last time I
saw her on her feet. We were at, of all places, the PEN Club, she was seated,
talking, dressed all in black, wearing a very handsome wide, black hat, thin,
and radiant. I knew she had been ill, but I didn't know then, how seriously. I
said, "Lorraine, baby, you look beautiful, how in the world do you do
it?" She was leaving. I have the impression she was on a staircase, and
she turned and smiled that smile and said, "It helps to develop a serious
illness, Jimmy!" and waved and disappeared.
